Tuesday, October 22, 2013

Raspberry Pi, How To Set It Up

Step 1: Get the Parts
 

Before you even begin to get your pi set up, you need a few things, the first of which is the actual device. You can get it off of the foundation’s website or Amazon for 25 pound, or 35 for a slightly better version. It’s not all cheep and cheerful though, you also need to buy an HDMI display to connect your the pi to, although if you don’t want to fork out a couple of hundred quid you could hook it up to a monitor or TV screen. And something you may not have expected, a micro SD card, this is where the computers operating system will go. This makes it a rather versatile device because there are loads of different operating systems to put on. Some doing simple things like controlling the air con, to more complex things like running a full computer system.. The rest is rather self explanatory, a mouse and keyboard which can plug into the little USB ports on the side. And also a micro USB plug that comes with practically every smart phone these days. The raspberry pi needs power of course.
 
Step 2 Choose Your OS
 
 
Now you need to choose what operating system your Pi will run on. It won’t run on anything though, you will need to find an operating system designed to run on a raspberry pi. Sadly neither Windows or Mac OSX run on the raspberry pi, so you will need to resort to the third most popular OS on the planet, Linux. There are thousands of different versions of  Linux and most of the big ones are available on your pi, however if you’re a beginner then you’d better go with the one recommended by the foundation, it’s called Rasbian. It’s the most popular OS on you new mini PC, it has all the things you’d expect from a normal computer, a browser an appstore and all the little utilities like calculator and Python for programming. In the appstore you can find games and office suites as well. And there is a version of  Minecraft, the popular blocky PC game. If you don’t think Linux is your cup of tea then you do have a whole load of other OS’s to choose from, such as Chrome OS, XMBC a customized version of the Xbox media centre and even Android Ice Cream Sandwich.
 
 
Step 3 Flash it to Your SD Card
 
This is one of the simplest steps, if you’re on Windows that is. You simply save the OS, you downloaded in an easy to remember spot. Now go to this link and extract the files to a folder on your desktop. Now insert your SD card in to the computer. If your PC doesn’t have an SD card slot, then you can plug a camera in and use it’s built in slot. If the SD card pops up in computer then move on. Now double click on the folder you made and open the file that ends with .exe. This is the tool that allows you to put the OS on to your SD card. Open it up and select your OS that you saved earlier and the SD card, make sure you choose the SD card and not your computer’s hard drive because that can mess things up. Then click flash to SD card, or something along those words. When it’s finished make sure you safely eject your SD card safely and remove it from your computer.
 
Step 4 Get it Connected
 
So now you’re all set you can finally plug everything in. Starting with the SD card. Slide it in with the logo facing up. Don’t push it in too hard as there is supposed to be a bit sticking out so you can remove it later on. Now connect your mouse and keyboard, on to each USB port, or if you feel you need more ports, connect a powered USB hub. It must be powered though although it will sap power from the Pi and may make it malfunction. Now connect the HDMI port, plug one end in to the Pi and the other in to your monitor or TV. And finally plug the power in. The micro USB must be plugged in to the Raspberry Pi. Once again, be gentle. It is a delicate machine. Now you should see an orange LED come on your device. If it is booting you should also see a flickering or solid green light come on too.
 
Step 5 First Boot
 
So, your pi is booting up for the first time? I will run you through how to get Rabian set up, the most popular OS for the Pi. First of all be patient, it takes a few mins for the first time. Then follow the onscreen instructions until you get to a terminal. Now type in your username, which is raspberry press enter. Then type in pi as the password. Then type startx and press enter. Now this will launch Rasbian in a graphical session, which is similar to what you are used to on Windows or Mac. Use your mouse and keyboard to navigate the OS. You can also use the Ethernet port to browse the Internet or connect a USB wifi dongle and use the built in app to set that up. If you gain access to the Internet, you can browse the store for apps or do everyday things on the web. You can also use Python or Scratch to do some basic coding, enjoy!
 
 
 
 


Monday, January 28, 2013

Beetles Navigate Using the Stars

Dung beetleThere has been yet another development in our knowledge of the bizarre animal kingdom, however this time it is something a little smaller than the salamander. The dung beetle, this little insect's only food is the waste from other animals, or dung. These insects have puzzled scientists for years, how do they keep such a straight line when rolling their pile of muck. Well thankfully now there is an answer which I assume you have all been waiting for. They use the stars. This was all worked out by a scientist using a fairly simple method. She simply put the beetle in a dark container with a hole in the top, so they could be sure it wasn't using the horizon line as a reference point.The results where correct, the beetle went in a straight line, only following the sky. This information is very interesting, and is a fun fact that can bring people closer to scientists, by allowing them to see that scientists are simply curious and want to find out more and that it isn't all equations and complicated elements out there.

Sunday, January 20, 2013

The Apocalypse, a short story by Alfie Norris





My name is Jovan, and I am about to tell you one of the most unlikely stories you have ever heard. I was one of the lucky Serbs, I live in a nice house in Dedinje, I go to a good school, the French school actually and I have a family and a cat who love me. This was all going to change soon. I woke up, it was a normal Saturday morning, nothing special. Of course I had some schoolwork due Monday but, as usual I simply put it off until Sunday. I plodded downstairs, along the way I was greeted, happily by my cat, Budgie. I felt slightly sick for a moment, but then that subsided and I thought nothing of it. I wasn't’ the first on up though, dad was reading the paper, the Belgrade Insight actually, the cover saying in large bold letters:

Serbia to scrap genetically modified food ban

I said something that resembled “Morning” to him but I had only just woken up and my voice was a little husky. I looked in the fridge and suddenly everything looked horribly unappetizing. That was strange, I was usually somebody who loved food. Suddenly, the strange feeling in my stomach, which I knew was there all along, intensified, and it took all of my strength to not cry out in pain. Luckily dad was still reading the newspaper, his eyes slightly glazed over, mumbling something about taxes under his breath. I stumbled into the bathroom, groping along the walls searching for something to hold onto, the towel rack, “well I supposed it will do”, I told myself. I looked at myself in the mirror, I was deathly pale. My eyes slightly yellow. I tugged off my shirt and examined my chest underneath. There was a blue-green stain spreading underneath my skin, slowly creeping along, slow but determined. I sat down on the cold tiles and clenched my fists, once again trying not to scream in agony, this wasn’t just any stomach ache, this was something different. But then, just as fast as it had come, the pain subsided. I checked my chest again in the mirror, back to normal, as if nothing had happened. I stood there, a look of bewilderment stuck on my face. That was until my dad called from the kitchen, “fancy some bacon”, now I forgot all about this curious happening and before I knew it I was tucking in, suddenly hungry again. Everything was fine, that is until I went to sleep.I had a dream, a dream I never wanted to have. It started off with me walking along a deserted alleyway, searching for a hospital, that I knew shouldn’t exist. I walked in, time sped up by the strange powers of dreams. And suddenly I was in a room. A room with nothing on the walls, nothing at all was there, nothing, except for a table and a small chair. Oh and a slightly deranged scientist. He asked me a few questions, and I answered them, not really realizing what I was doing. Finally he pulled out a syringe and injected some clear blue liquid into the main artery in my arm. All the while talking about the greater good. I looked forward and saw the bread, the bread made from genetically modified wheat. I woke up, a cold sheen of sweat across my forehead, I was sitting bolt upright breathing heavily.I remembered what happened now. It was around three weeks ago that it had happened. I had taken some money out of my account, it was a birthday present for my mother, who had got rather annoyed with me a few days earlier, I felt as though I should pay her back. So I took out around 20,000 dinars to buy her a beautiful necklace. With all kinds of jewels embedded in it. The only problem now was getting the money back. The answer to that question came a little later when I was reading the newspaper. I was reading an article and when I turned the page I came to a load of adverts. I was about to skip them, as I usually do when something caught my eye. It was an ad saying, test subjects wanted, pay 2500 dinars, for more info come to this address. So the next day I left, and travelled to the centre where I found the address in a deserted back alley. In case you are wondering, I told my parents I was going to a friends house. Anyway, I saw this grotty hospital like building, so I entered. And you know the rest.

I was now sure that the green spread on my chest had been an effect of either the injection, or the bread, or both. The question was, why did it disappear? I decided to return to the lab to see if I could find the doctor, he had a few questions to answer. I trudged through the rainy Belgrade, it seemed as though the rain had arrived, solely to make me miserable. The day before had been lovely and sunny. I arrived in the alleyway. Everything looked the same, except for some extra graffiti. But as I got closer I realized something had changed. Instead of being completely bare on the front of the building there was a sign saying “The Best tailor In Town”  and instead of being unclean and  stained on the walls, they were spotless. I walked inside. There was a man sitting behind a desk eying a shoe with a magnify glass, talking to himself under his breath. He looked relatively old, around 60. He was surrounded by different suits and dresses and all kinds of different shoes. He looked up, “May I help you?” He asked. “There wasn’t some sort of lab or hospital here before, was there?” I replied ”I don’t know about any hospital young man” he answered, “although there is one around ten minutes walk away from here”. I shook my head “no, there definitely was on, right here,” I said. “I’m sorry, but I need to ask you to leave, now” he said, sharply. “But there was a hospital here”, i stuttered, confused. “Leave now,” he said with something menacing in his voice. And just like that, I walked out, bewildered, not knowing whether i was mad or I had got myself into a whole lot more than I understood.
 
I returned home, determined to find out what had actually happened in the lab. Then I remembered dad’s newspaper. “Maybe that had something to do with it,” I thought to myself. I looked up GMO in Serbia, but all that came up was an article by the Belgrade Insight. I was about to give up when I saw an article about a famous scientist found dead in his car after a terrible accident. I recognized the face immediately. He was the strange scientist who had injected me with the blue liquid. He must have faked his death as the article was a month old, just to start a new life. Then I put two and two together and worked out what he was doing had nothing to do with GMO it was something much darker, nothing to do with food, but genes alone. I returned to the home screen of the news website, and opened a new tab. I looked up the scientist, called Dr. Ivan Curcic. He was researching how to bring back dead genes, dormant genes that date back millions of years. After looking a little more I saw that some different diseases could be awakened through genes like Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. According to the news, when he died he was fixated with the Mayans. He believed that the world would end on the 21 December 2012, and one of the last things he said to his wife was if it didn’t happen, then he would put things right and make sure it did. I returned to the news website. The latest headline was as follows “freak virus outbreak, cause unknown”. I started to read the article, “The symptoms of this virus, are green veins that stand out, the lack of logical thought and the craving for human flesh”. I stopped reading at that point because I was beginning to feel sick, who could do such a thing, and why. That crazy man. I knew that, as I was the first test subject, it was my job to stop him.

3 weeks later...

Belgrade is a mess, almost a third of the population has been infected and the authorities, or what’s left of them still don’t know why. NATO has intervened but have not been given permission to shoot the the...creatures, as there still may be a way to save the people. Most of them are shambling around in the centre, everyone else is trying to get away, but the roads are constantly blocked. We still don’t know where the virus, or at least what we think is a virus has come from.

I am now in an abandoned petrol station. I know I must find the authorities who are in a bunker somewhere, unknown. I know the secret. I know what really happened. And I have an antidote. During the three weeks that passed I have been doing research, to begin with on the internet, until that was taken down, then came the power. Now I rely on candlelight. I am armed with a small hunting knife which I have never used and hope that I won’t need to. Thankfully Ivan Curcic wasn’t as clever as he thought though. The second time I returned to the alleyway, around a week after my first trip I found a business card. It read as follows.

Ivan Curcic
Genetic Engineering
Belgrade Institute of Sciences

So that was my first stop. I left there the day after, it wasn’t so bad then. There were only a few creatures zombies, and they weren’t very clever, they were easy to avoid. I would move by the cover of darkness, although that often didn’t help as some of the dormant genes that were awakened gave them an acute sense of smell. I found his office, it wasn’t hard to get into as most of the buildings have already been looted by the few groups of people who decided to stay. I found his office in a few minutes and already knew what I was looking for. The day after apocalypse started in Belgrade I had a dream. It was another one about me having my injection. Except this time I remember seeing at he bent down to inject me with the liquid, there was a second red syringe in his top shirt pocket. I knew immediately that this was the antidote. It was in case it all went wrong. Anyway I searched his office for around an hour but all I found was boring files. Until, as I was about to walk out the door, I heard the floorboards creak under my feet. Bingo! I went back to his desk and found a screwdriver that I had previously unearthed. I unscrewed the floorboard and there it was, yet another red syringe.

Back to the present. I am still in the petrol station. I’ve got the antidote safely tucked away in a satchel along with a survival handbook and some tinned food. I’m waiting for the cover of darkness for me to go and find the government and hopefully save the world. I wake up to the sound of someone knocking on the door to my station. There are two of the creatures following him. He is shouting for me to help him. I get up, after just a few weeks in a city like this I can wake up and be ready in an instant. I unlock the door and quickly slam it behind him, bolting it shut.
He introduces himself as Dragan Curcic, Ivan’s brother. “To begin with, I didn’t trust him, but once he told me his story, I had to believe him, I had no choice. I am Ivan Curcic’s brother, we used to work together, in genetic engineering, I was more of a nano tech person though. He was obsessed with it though, he would work well into the night. Until one day, everything changed. He came out of his study, a different man. And then two hours later he died in a car accident. Sadly now I know the truth. I know he is actually still alive and that you where his first test subject in this monstrous great plan of yours. I suppose you already worked out most of this?” I nodded. “I don’t suppose you have got any tricks up your sleeve do you?” He asked. I pulled out the red syringe and showed him. His eyes lit up. “I remember these” He said “My brother stuffed crate fulls of them into the boot of his car, he said it was another experiment but I was suspicious. Turns out I was right. By now the (let’s just call them zombies) zombies had lost interest and shuffled away. We ran for it, staying as silent as we could. Next stop, the scrapyard.

We walk in, making sure to tread silently as to not attract attention to ourselves. Almost at once Dragan spots it, lying on it’s side in the corner, a light green Saab. We opened the boot and sure enough there were three crates full of the syringes. Dragan does some calculations. After a minute he looks up and smiles, “there will be just enough” he says. The next day we find the Serbian government bunker, where all the politicians were fretting about making impossible plans. Something that Dragan didn’t tell me was that he was also a computer hacker and we passed the security systems in minutes. WHen we entered the bunker we are greeted by a look of surprise, followed by embarrassment followed by anger. That is until Dragan showed the resident scientist the blueprints for the gun that would launch the antidote that would reverse the effects and return everything to normal. At first he looked at us in disbelief but then I saw a hint of curiosity in his eyes, and I knew we had won him over. Of course they had to go through all sorts of processes to check to see if the antidote was toxic or not, they even brought in a specimen to test it on. But in the end it all worked out. Within the year life returned to normal and the decade after that changed into merely a bad memory. What I learned from this experince is this: There are some crazy things that life throws at you, that you just have to deal with. I’m not saying that tomorrow a group of genetically modified zombies will arrive on your doorstep, what I am saying is that whatever life gives you, be it lemons or a coconut you need to deal with it and conquer the problem as well as you can. And something else that you scientists, who think you are so clever, should keep in mind. 

Don’t mess around with powers you don’t understand.

Saturday, January 19, 2013

First Solar Powered Vertabrae

In a long-term relationship with algae <i>(Image: Michael Redmer/Getty)</i>Have you ever wondered why plants are the only organism that uses photosynthesis to get their energy?  Well that isn't entirely true, thanks to a new study, yellow spotted Salamanders also use photosynthesis to their advantage. This has been suspected for a while but has finally been proven. But salamanders aren't the only animal (more on them in a sec), sea slugs corals and sponges all have a certain kind of Algae in them that transforms sunlight into sugar. Some botanists have also suggested that Aphids use this trick, but that idea is widely rejected. Back to the Salamander, have you noticed that none of the above animals are vertebrates though? So none of them are really very related to us, that is until now. Yellow Sptted Salamanders are the only vertebrae animal that uses photosynthesis. This idea has been used however since 1888 when a British biologist suggested that the yellow spotted salamander's eggs attracted a lot of mono cellular algae. In the 1940 during WWII it was found that the Algae within the eggs increases the growth rate, making the young Salamanders much stronger and more likely to survive. In 2011 however was when the real discovery was made. It was discovered that they actually store the Algae within the cells of the embryo providing oxygen and glucose through photosynthesis. Essentially a second way of getting energy, like a solar panel. This particular branch of Algae also can't survive without the embryo turning into dormant cysts when not in use by the Salamanders. Now that it has been proven that one vertebrae who lays eggs in the water uses photosynthesis, scientists speculate that many other, similar animals may use it too.

MLA Citation: Marshall, Michael. "Zoologger: The First Solar-powered Vertebrate." NewScientist. N.p., 18 Jan. 2013. Web. 19 Jan. 2013.

Friday, November 16, 2012

DNA "Catapulting" White Blood Cells

http://wiki.clinicalflow.com/@api/deki/files/533/=myelodysplastic-syndrome-dysplastic-eosinophils-demonstrating-abnormal-lobation-and-hypogranulation-100x-website.jpgHere's something I bet you didn't know, there is a type of white blood cell called eosinophils. These white blood cells make up 1-3 percent of your immune system and as a way of attacking it's enemies in the bacteria riddled gastrointestinal tract where they live they fling the mitochondrion DNA at their attackers. The way that it works is it catapults it's DNA ensnaring it's victim in a web of DNA and protien. It ejects it's projectiles, not using air but the pressure of fluids and tissues which fire it within one second. Scientists already knew that these little soldiers secreted toxic protein granules when in battle but this is something completly new.“Eosinophils are really the red-headed stepchild of white blood cells,” says study collaborator James Lee of the Mayo Clinic Arizona in Scottsdale. These white blood cells also are the cause for some forms of cancer as some of the chemicals they excret cause colatoral damage, which can lead to some forms of cancer.

Monday, November 12, 2012

Vitamin C May Fight Cancer

According to a new study on mice vitamin C may be able to help treat cancer. Some doctors are worried though as they believe that some of their patients may take vitamin c, without telling them, which could result in an interference with their current medication, countering their effects. Sort of like if you install two antivirus software  sometimes they will fight and try to delete each other. The researchers injected the mice, which had a deficient immune system with three different types of aggressive human cancer cells, and then injected them with vitamin C  and found that the effect of this was a 53 percent decrease in cancer growth. But this is only in mice, the researchers are hoping to be able to repeat these trials on humans Even though they don't believe that it will reduce the cancer by half, as it did in mice, they are still optimistic that it will help. It is also much easier to get the vitamin C  directly to the tumor through the bloodstream by injecting it, than in tablet form. This isn't a new idea though, as it was suggested by the Nobel prize winner, Linus Pauling, a chemist, in 1970 who said that vitamin C may slow down cancer growth

Sunday, October 28, 2012

Copper is a Possible Link To Alzhiemers

A group of researchers have experimented on rabbits in the hope of finding out a possible cause for the almost incurable disease of Alzheimer. The first thing that the researchers noticed was that when the rabbits that the where experimenting on developed fewer plaques in their brains than the ones that drank normal tap water. These plaques are a common symptom of Alzheimer's. the water seemed to have rather large amounts of copper in it. To find out whether this was a direct link to the increase of plaques in the Rabbits' brains, Larry Sparks, the leader of the survey gave each of the rabbits water with extremely high amounts of copper to see if he was correct. The result is promising. The rabbits developed significantly more plaques than the ones drinking pure distilled water. The copper rabbits also suffered from some memory loss. I think that discoveries like this, although it may lead to something big, are not always important. For example, I'm sure you have seen loads of different causes of cancer that have been found in surveys, and they may help raise awareness, but they won't help treat it. Saying that I don't mean that this fact isn't interesting, and to be honest, I think it's pretty cool, but it won't nessecarily help treat Alzeimers in the long term, in my opinion.